1、路由协议
1.1 路由表
路由表是基于IPv4或IPv6的指导网络流量走向的数据表。
基本参数:目的网络、来源、下一跳、出接口、优先级、度量值
路由优先级:
路由协议 |
外部优先级 |
FDirect |
0 |
OSPF |
10 |
IS-IS |
15 |
Static |
60 |
RIP |
100 |
OSPF ASE |
150 |
OSPF NSSA |
150 |
IBGP |
255 |
EBGP |
255 |
1.2 直连路由
1.3 静态路由
静态路由是手工填写的路由表,一般指定了目的网络、下一跳,出接口、优先级可以按需配置。
1.4 OSPF
1.5 BGP
IBGP
EBGP
1.6 IGRP/EIGRP
1.7 策略路由
1.8 RIP
1.9 IS-IS
2、VPN
2.1 GRE
2.2 IPsec
2.3 SSL VPN
3、隧道技术
3.1 MPLS VPN
3.2 VxLAN
4、STP
4.1 STP
1、STP的角色和状态
STP的设备角色:根桥、非根桥。
STP的端口角色:根端口、指定端口、预备端口。
STP的端口状态:init、blocking、listening、learning、forwarding、disable。
2、STP实验1
实验拓扑:
实验配置:
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AR1:
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
interface LoopBack0
ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
LSW1:
stp mode stp
stp instance 0 root primary
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
port hybrid pvid vlan 10
port hybrid untagged vlan 10 20
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
port link-type trunk
port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3
port hybrid pvid vlan 10
port hybrid untagged vlan 10 20
LSW2:
stp mode stp
stp instance 0 root secondary
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
port hybrid pvid vlan 20
port hybrid untagged vlan 10 20
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
port link-type trunk
port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3
port hybrid pvid vlan 20
port hybrid untagged vlan 10 20
LSW3:
stp mode stp
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
port hybrid pvid vlan 10
port hybrid untagged vlan 10 20
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
port hybrid pvid vlan 20
port hybrid untagged vlan 10 20
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3
port hybrid pvid vlan 10
port hybrid untagged vlan 10 20
stp edged-port enable
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/4
port hybrid pvid vlan 20
port hybrid untagged vlan 10 20
stp edged-port enable
说明:
stp edge-port作用:使端口变为边缘端口,不参与stp计算,加快stp收敛速度。
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STP状态:
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<LSW1>dis stp bri
MSTID Port Role STP State Protection
0 GigabitEthernet0/0/1 DESI FORWARDING NONE
0 GigabitEthernet0/0/2 DESI FORWARDING NONE
0 GigabitEthernet0/0/3 DESI FORWARDING NONE
<LSW2>DIS STP BRI
MSTID Port Role STP State Protection
0 GigabitEthernet0/0/1 DESI FORWARDING NONE
0 GigabitEthernet0/0/2 ROOT FORWARDING NONE
0 GigabitEthernet0/0/3 DESI FORWARDING NONE
<LSW3>DIS STP BRI
MSTID Port Role STP State Protection
0 GigabitEthernet0/0/1 ROOT FORWARDING NONE
0 GigabitEthernet0/0/2 ALTE DISCARDING NONE
0 GigabitEthernet0/0/3 DESI FORWARDING NONE
0 GigabitEthernet0/0/4 DESI FORWARDING NONE
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实验结果:PC1和PC2到AR1通。
3、STP实验2
实验拓扑:
实验配置:
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AR1-1:
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0
ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
interface LoopBack0
ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
LSW1-1:
stp disable
interface Eth-Trunk1
port link-type trunk
port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
port link-type access
port default vlan 10
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
eth-trunk 1
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3
eth-trunk 1
LSW3-1:
stp disable
interface Eth-Trunk1
port link-type trunk
port trunk allow-pass vlan 10 20
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1
eth-trunk 1
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/2
eth-trunk 1
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/3
port link-type access
port default vlan 10
interface GigabitEthernet0/0/4
port link-type access
port default vlan 20
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实验结果:PC1-1到AR1-1通,PC2-1到AR1-1不通。说明:链路聚合时,聚合的链路可以看作是一条链路,聚合的链路无需考虑成环问题。
4.2 RSTP
4.3 MSTP
5、高可靠技术
5.1 设备级
堆叠
5.2 MLag
5.3 VRRP
5.2 链路级
手工链路聚合
静态链路聚合
动态链路聚合
1、DHCP续租
有50%和87.5%两个时间点。
客户端获得DHCP租约后,开始工作。租期达到50%时,对目前的DHCP服务器发送DHCP Request以请求更新DHCP租约,若未得到回复,租期达到87.5%时,对网络内广播DHCP Discover,以请求其它DHCP服务器的租约。租期届满未收到任何回复,DHCP租约取消。大致过程如下:
0 |
0%<t<50% |
50%<=t<87.5% |
>=87.5% |
init |
正常工作 |
DHCP Request |
DHCP Discover |
2、IPv6 Solicited Node Multical Address 被请求节点组播地址